歷史的悲?。鹤杂芍髁x的困境(6)

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歷史的悲?。鹤杂芍髁x的困境(6)

市場經(jīng)濟和民主政治是人類文明的兩大成果,其歷史進步意義不容置疑。但是,過猶不及。過去30年,這兩個價值觀被捧上了天。80年前,哈佛大學(xué)校長阿伯特·勞倫斯·洛厄爾就警告“沒有任何一種形式的政府能包治百病”。(56)曾經(jīng)幫助俄羅斯實施“休克療法”的美國經(jīng)濟學(xué)家薩克斯2014年3月在清華大學(xué)指出,“國與國之間很難相互比較,每一代人都有自己的任務(wù),都有自己的困難和挑戰(zhàn),都要學(xué)會解決自己的問題”。(57)顯然,他不再認為自由主義“放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)”了。自由主義本身不是悲劇,對自由主義的迷信卻是悲劇。像凱恩斯主義曾把西方從1930年代大蕭條中拯救出來一樣,自由主義也曾讓西方擺脫1970年代的滯脹。當(dāng)時自由主義以喜劇開幕。然而,西方從此患上了自由主義依賴癥,自由主義不僅在美歐等西方國家向極端化方向發(fā)展,而且迅速向廣大發(fā)展中國家蔓延。最終,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)自由主義已經(jīng)走到懸崖邊時,卻沒有可靠的替代道路,這是一個歷史悲劇,這場歷史悲劇可能、正在給全人類造成巨大的災(zāi)難。

注釋:

①Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月13日)

②The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

③David Luttrell,Tyler Atkinson and Harvey Rosenblum,"Assessing the Costs and Consequences of the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath",Economic Letter,Vol.8,No.7,September 2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

④European Commission,Commission Staff Working Document,"Economic Review of the Financial Regulation Agenda",May 15,2014.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月23日)

⑤David M.Kotz,"The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008:A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism",Review of Radical Political Economics 2009,p.206.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月18日)

⑥The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

⑦Robert D.Kaplan,"Elections Don't Matter,Institutions Do",Strat for Global Intelligence,January 15,2014.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月23日)

⑧Michael McAuliff,"Gun Bill Background Check Amendment Fails,Other Key Provisions Follow",The Huffington Post,April 17,2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月23日)

⑨Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月24日)

⑩Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2011,p.469.

(11)Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月24日)

(12)"What's Gone Wrong with Democracy",The Economist,May 1,2014.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月22日)

(13)Charles A.Kupchan and Peter L.trubowitz,"Dead Center:The Demise of liberal Internationalism in the United States",International Security,Vol.32,No.2(Fall 2007),pp.7-44.

(14)Richard N.Haass,"The Irony of American Strategy:Putting the Middle East in Proper Perspective",Foreign Affairs,May/June.2013,p.59.

(15)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.469.

(16)Polity IV Project:Political Regime Characteristics and transitions,1800-2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月25日)

(17)John J.Mearsheimer,"Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault:The liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin",Foreign Affairs.October/November,2014.

(18)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月18日)

(19)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,pp.1-10.

(20)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月18日)

(21)The World Bank,"transition:The First Ten Years",2002,p.xiii.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月18日)

(22)International Monetary Fund,The Evolution of Output in transition Economics:Explaining the Differences,IMF Working Paper,May 1999,pp.52-54.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月21日)

(23)Polity IV Project:Political Regime Characteristics and transitions,1800-2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月21日)

(24)Hays-Mitchell,Maureen,"Resisting austerity:a gendered perspective on neo-liberal restructuring in Peru",Gender and Development,10(3),2002,p.72.

(25)Mark Weisbrot and David Rosnick,"Another Lost Decade? Latin America's Growth Failure Continues into the 21st Century",Center of Economic and Policy Research,November 13,2003.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月25日)

(26)Samuel P.Huntington,The Third Wave:Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,University of Oklahoma Press,pp.19-21,17-28.

(27)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.470.

(28)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.16.

(29)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.470.

(30)Dambisa Moyo,Dead Aid:Why Aid is Not Working and-How There is a Better Way for Africa,Penguin,2010,p.42.

(31)David M.Kotz,"The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008:A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism",Review of Radical Political Economics,Volume 41,No.3,Summer 2009,p.307.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

(32)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.188(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月24日)

(33)宗寒:“從虛擬經(jīng)濟看西方金融危機”.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月24日)

(34)Neil Smith,"Neoliberalism is Dead,Dominant,Defeatable,Then What?",Human Geography,Volume 2,Number 2,2008,p.2.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月25日)

(35)Michael A.Peters,"The Crisis of Finance Capitalism and the Exhaustion of Neoliberalism",The truth out,Op-ed,July 21,2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月23日)

(36)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

(37)Francis Fukuyama,"America in Decay:The Sources of Political Dysfunction",Foreign Affairs,September/October 2014; Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution.

(38)"What's Gone Wrong with Democracy",The Economist,May1,2014.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月22日)

(39)E.J.Dionne Jr.,"Political Dysfunctions Spells trouble for Democracies",The Washington Post,May 19,2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

(40)Frank Vogl,"Urgently Needed:Reform of the Broken American Political System".(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月25日)

(41)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月23日)

(42)Michael A.Peters,"The Crisis of Finance Capitalism and the Exhaustion of Neoliberalism",The truth out,Op-ed,July 21,2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月18日)

(43)The transatlantic Academy,The Democratic Disconnect,2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月25日)

(44)Charles A.Kupchan and Peter L.trubowitz,"Dead Center:The Demise of liberal Internationalism in the United States",International Security,Vol.32,No.2(Fall 2007),p.27

(45)Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月26日)

(46)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xvii.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

(47)Lawrence Lowell,"The Evolution of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,October 1938.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月26日)

(48)Matt Miller,"The Great American Political Gridlock",The Washington Post,June 5,2014.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

(49)Hiton L.Root,Dynamics among Nations:The Evolution of Legitimacy and Development in Modern States,The MIT Press,Massachusetts,2013,p.144.

(50)Thomas Carother,"The End of transition Paradigm".(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

(51)Joseph Schumpeter,Capitalism,Socialism and Democracy,2nd ed,New York:Harper,1947,p.269; Samul P.Huntington,The Third Wave:Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,The University of Oklahoma Press,1991,pp.5-13.

(52)Robert A.Dahl,Polyarchy:Participation and Opposition,New Haven:Yale University Press,1971,p.3.

(53)David Collier and Steven Levitsky,"Democracy with Adjectives:Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research",World Politics 49(April 1997),pp.430-51.

(54)Mark Mazower,"Has Democracy Had Its Day?" Prospect,April 24,2013.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月20日)

(55)陳安:《美國知識分子:影響美國社會發(fā)展的思想家》,北京:當(dāng)代中國出版社,2010年,第3-5頁。

(56)Lawrence Lowell,"The Evolution of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,October 1938.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年9月26日)

(57)林毅夫:“中國學(xué)術(shù)界不能只引進”,金融日報中文網(wǎng),2014年8月13日.(上網(wǎng)時間:2014年10月6日)

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