市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)和民主政治是人類(lèi)文明的兩大成果，其歷史進(jìn)步意義不容置疑。但是，過(guò)猶不及。過(guò)去30年，這兩個(gè)價(jià)值觀被捧上了天。80年前，哈佛大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)阿伯特·勞倫斯·洛厄爾就警告“沒(méi)有任何一種形式的政府能包治百病”。(56)曾經(jīng)幫助俄羅斯實(shí)施“休克療法”的美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家薩克斯2014年3月在清華大學(xué)指出，“國(guó)與國(guó)之間很難相互比較，每一代人都有自己的任務(wù)，都有自己的困難和挑戰(zhàn)，都要學(xué)會(huì)解決自己的問(wèn)題”。(57)顯然，他不再認(rèn)為自由主義“放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)”了。自由主義本身不是悲劇，對(duì)自由主義的迷信卻是悲劇。像凱恩斯主義曾把西方從1930年代大蕭條中拯救出來(lái)一樣，自由主義也曾讓西方擺脫1970年代的滯脹。當(dāng)時(shí)自由主義以喜劇開(kāi)幕。然而，西方從此患上了自由主義依賴(lài)癥，自由主義不僅在美歐等西方國(guó)家向極端化方向發(fā)展，而且迅速向廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家蔓延。最終，人們發(fā)現(xiàn)自由主義已經(jīng)走到懸崖邊時(shí)，卻沒(méi)有可靠的替代道路，這是一個(gè)歷史悲劇，這場(chǎng)歷史悲劇可能、正在給全人類(lèi)造成巨大的災(zāi)難。

注釋?zhuān)?/p>

①Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月13日)

②The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

③David Luttrell,Tyler Atkinson and Harvey Rosenblum,"Assessing the Costs and Consequences of the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath",Economic Letter,Vol.8,No.7,September 2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

④European Commission,Commission Staff Working Document,"Economic Review of the Financial Regulation Agenda",May 15,2014.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月23日)

⑤David M.Kotz,"The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008:A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism",Review of Radical Political Economics 2009,p.206.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月18日)

⑥The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

⑦Robert D.Kaplan,"Elections Don't Matter,Institutions Do",Strat for Global Intelligence,January 15,2014.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月23日)

⑧Michael McAuliff,"Gun Bill Background Check Amendment Fails,Other Key Provisions Follow",The Huffington Post,April 17,2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月23日)

⑨Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月24日)

⑩Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2011,p.469.

(11)Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月24日)

(12)"What's Gone Wrong with Democracy",The Economist,May 1,2014.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月22日)

(13)Charles A.Kupchan and Peter L.trubowitz,"Dead Center:The Demise of liberal Internationalism in the United States",International Security,Vol.32,No.2(Fall 2007),pp.7-44.

(14)Richard N.Haass,"The Irony of American Strategy:Putting the Middle East in Proper Perspective",Foreign Affairs,May/June.2013,p.59.

(15)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.469.

(16)Polity IV Project:Political Regime Characteristics and transitions,1800-2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月25日)

(17)John J.Mearsheimer,"Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault:The liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin",Foreign Affairs.October/November,2014.

(18)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月18日)

(19)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,pp.1-10.

(20)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月18日)

(21)The World Bank,"transition:The First Ten Years",2002,p.xiii.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月18日)

(22)International Monetary Fund,The Evolution of Output in transition Economics:Explaining the Differences,IMF Working Paper,May 1999,pp.52-54.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月21日)

(23)Polity IV Project:Political Regime Characteristics and transitions,1800-2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月21日)

(24)Hays-Mitchell,Maureen,"Resisting austerity:a gendered perspective on neo-liberal restructuring in Peru",Gender and Development,10(3),2002,p.72.

(25)Mark Weisbrot and David Rosnick,"Another Lost Decade? Latin America's Growth Failure Continues into the 21st Century",Center of Economic and Policy Research,November 13,2003.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月25日)

(26)Samuel P.Huntington,The Third Wave:Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,University of Oklahoma Press,pp.19-21,17-28.

(27)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.470.

(28)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.16.

(29)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.470.

(30)Dambisa Moyo,Dead Aid:Why Aid is Not Working and-How There is a Better Way for Africa,Penguin,2010,p.42.

(31)David M.Kotz,"The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008:A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism",Review of Radical Political Economics,Volume 41,No.3,Summer 2009,p.307.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

(32)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.188(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月24日)

(33)宗寒：“從虛擬經(jīng)濟(jì)看西方金融危機(jī)”.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月24日)

(34)Neil Smith,"Neoliberalism is Dead,Dominant,Defeatable,Then What?",Human Geography,Volume 2,Number 2,2008,p.2.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月25日)

(35)Michael A.Peters,"The Crisis of Finance Capitalism and the Exhaustion of Neoliberalism",The truth out,Op-ed,July 21,2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月23日)

(36)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

(37)Francis Fukuyama,"America in Decay:The Sources of Political Dysfunction",Foreign Affairs,September/October 2014; Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution.

(38)"What's Gone Wrong with Democracy",The Economist,May1,2014.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月22日)

(39)E.J.Dionne Jr.,"Political Dysfunctions Spells trouble for Democracies",The Washington Post,May 19,2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

(40)Frank Vogl,"Urgently Needed:Reform of the Broken American Political System".(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月25日)

(41)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月23日)

(42)Michael A.Peters,"The Crisis of Finance Capitalism and the Exhaustion of Neoliberalism",The truth out,Op-ed,July 21,2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月18日)

(43)The transatlantic Academy,The Democratic Disconnect,2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月25日)

(44)Charles A.Kupchan and Peter L.trubowitz,"Dead Center:The Demise of liberal Internationalism in the United States",International Security,Vol.32,No.2(Fall 2007),p.27

(45)Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月26日)

(46)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xvii.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

(47)Lawrence Lowell,"The Evolution of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,October 1938.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月26日)

(48)Matt Miller,"The Great American Political Gridlock",The Washington Post,June 5,2014.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

(49)Hiton L.Root,Dynamics among Nations:The Evolution of Legitimacy and Development in Modern States,The MIT Press,Massachusetts,2013,p.144.

(50)Thomas Carother,"The End of transition Paradigm".(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

(51)Joseph Schumpeter,Capitalism,Socialism and Democracy,2nd ed,New York:Harper,1947,p.269; Samul P.Huntington,The Third Wave:Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,The University of Oklahoma Press,1991,pp.5-13.

(52)Robert A.Dahl,Polyarchy:Participation and Opposition,New Haven:Yale University Press,1971,p.3.

(53)David Collier and Steven Levitsky,"Democracy with Adjectives:Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research",World Politics 49(April 1997),pp.430-51.

(54)Mark Mazower,"Has Democracy Had Its Day?" Prospect,April 24,2013.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月20日)

(55)陳安：《美國(guó)知識(shí)分子：影響美國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展的思想家》，北京：當(dāng)代中國(guó)出版社，2010年，第3－5頁(yè)。

(56)Lawrence Lowell,"The Evolution of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,October 1938.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年9月26日)

(57)林毅夫：“中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)界不能只引進(jìn)”，金融日?qǐng)?bào)中文網(wǎng)，2014年8月13日.(上網(wǎng)時(shí)間：2014年10月6日)