每年的公歷6月21日(或22日),第十個節(jié)氣夏至如約而至。根據(jù)古代歷法,農(nóng)歷四五六月為夏季,夏至節(jié)氣大致在農(nóng)歷五月中旬,表示夏天已經(jīng)過了一半。
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♥ 夏至這天太陽運(yùn)行至黃經(jīng)90度,直射地面的位置到達(dá)一年的最北端,幾乎直射北回歸線。
♥ 夏至這天北半球各地的白晝時間達(dá)到全年最長,黑夜則最短。
♥ 夏至是二十四節(jié)氣中最早被確定的節(jié)氣。早在公元前七世紀(jì),我們的先人用土圭測出正午日影最短的一天,這天就是夏至。
♥ 夏至是陽氣最旺的時節(jié),陽氣在這一天強(qiáng)盛到極點(diǎn),盛極必衰,陰陽轉(zhuǎn)換,陰氣也從這一天開始滋長,所以說“夏至一陰生”。
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一候鹿角解:夏至日陰氣生而陽氣始衰,所以陽性的鹿角便開始脫落。
二候蟬始鳴:雄性的知了在夏至后因感陰氣之生便鼓翼而鳴。
三候半夏生:半夏是喜陰的藥草,在仲夏的沼澤地或水田中生長。
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對于“數(shù)九”,更為人所知的或許是《冬至九九歌》。其實(shí),夏至也有自己的“九九歌”。宋人周遵道在《豹隱紀(jì)談》中就載有一首《夏至九九歌》:
“一九二九,扇子不離手;
三九二十七,吃茶如蜜汁;
四九三十六,爭向街頭宿;
五九四十五,樹頭秋葉舞;
六九五十四,乘涼不入寺;
七九六十三,入眠尋被單;
八九七十二,被單添夾被;
九九八十一,家家打炭壑。”
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天文歷法中的“夏至”與氣象學(xué)中的“盛夏”不是同步的,雖然“夏至一陰始生”,白天開始變短,但由于地面接收熱量的積累效應(yīng),天氣還要繼續(xù)熱下去,到一個月后的“大暑”才熱到頂點(diǎn),所以氣象學(xué)中的盛夏要比夏至推遲一個月才出現(xiàn)。
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祭神祀祖:夏至?xí)r值麥?zhǔn)?,自古以來有在此時慶祝豐收、祭祀祖先之俗,以祈求消災(zāi)年豐。
消夏避伏:夏至日,婦女們即互相贈送折扇、脂粉等什物。
夏至吃面:冬至餃子夏至面,北京、山東等地居民,在夏至這天都會吃面條。
食麥粽:《吳江縣志》:“夏至日,作麥粽,祭先畢,則以相餉。”
食夏至餅:夏至日,農(nóng)家搟面為薄餅,烤熟,祭祖后食用或分贈親友,俗謂“夏至餅”。
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夏至是陽氣最旺、同時陰氣開始生長的時節(jié),這時的養(yǎng)生保健,一方面要順應(yīng)夏季陽盛于外的特點(diǎn)、注意保護(hù)陽氣;另一方面又要適應(yīng)陰氣始生于下的變化,以保證陰氣的順利上升。
要預(yù)防中暑,避免日曬;
乘涼、冷飲、吹冷氣要適當(dāng);
鍛煉選在早晚進(jìn)行,不宜過分劇烈;
多吃苦味食物,宜清補(bǔ)。
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